Historical Information About The Setting - 1226 Words

Historical information about the Setting: The events in the book occur in England around the start of the 19th century, otherwise known as pre- and early Victorian era. Around this time, there were many societal changes occurring, such as the Industrial Revolution (which had begun near the end of the 18th century). These new changes put capitalism and manufacturing under the light of a new, greater wealth. The gap between the wealthy and the poor was noticeably large. The story begins in a rather poor, marsh country. Later, the story develops to take readers into a different class of people, thus giving us insight on other members of society during the same time range. Members of the higher class of society were expected to have good†¦show more content†¦Pip falls in love with Miss Havisham’s cruel, but beautiful adopted daughter, Estella. Pip wants to become a proper gentleman in hopes of marrying her (with the support of Ms. Havisham), but after months of playdates at Miss Havisham’s home, she decides to make him a common laborer. Pip becomes Joe’s apprentice. While he works miserably, Pip hopes to become more educated with the help of Biddy, who is basically the opposite of Estella. Orlick, Joe’s worker, hurts Mrs. Joe, who becomes mute and disabled. Jaggers, a lawyer, brings Pip some hopeful news. An anonymous benefactor has given Pip a large amount of money to make him a gentleman, which brings Pip to London. Pip assumes happily that Miss Havisham is his benefactor and wishes for Estella to marry him. Pip then meets Herbert Pocket and Wemmick, Jaggers’s clerk. Though he misses his old friends and family, Pip also starts to show shame of them. In order to further his relationship with Estella, Pip learns from Herbert’s father how to be a gentleman. Pip and Herbert led irresponsible lives until Orlick is employed as Miss Havisham’s porter. Jaggers fires Orlick after Pip explains Orlick’s past evils. When Mrs. Joe dies, Pip sadly returns home. After many years, the convict that started everything (Magwitch) reveals that he was the secret benefactor and he wanted to repay Pip for his kindness. While Pip is shocked, he has to prioritize helping Magwitch escape since he is still an escaped convict. It turns out that

The Effect Of Stress And Eating Habits On College Student...

Judith Osiughwu Research and tech 4/15/2015 Abstract The purpose of my project is to see how stress and eating habits can affect college student academic performance, to determine the correlation between stress and eating habits,how it influence or affect college student academic performance. 25 participants were selected from Spring 2015 Kean University,Participants age ranges from 18-25. The majority of the participants were female, 16 female, 7 male, 16 female, and 1 participants did not disclosed their gender. participants answered 20 question survey with questions on stress and eating habits such as, the eating habit when students are stressed, level of stress, and stress relief. My data was collected through a survey around Kean University campus, students from the caf, classes, and library . When the full sample was evaluated, there was no correlation between stress and eating habit ( correlation coefficient was 0.0). my result indicated students level of stress range from 1-5, 48% of student level were 4. 40% participant s said finals, 25% participants said exams make them stressed. Participants in this sample control their stressed through music of 40.4%, and eating of 28.8%. Sleeping, exercise and eating right, can change or reduce students stress level. my studies concludes with a discussion of implications to avoid stress. Stress and Eating Habit on College Students Introduction: Stress is a major issue among college students nationwide.Show MoreRelatedEssay about Determining Causes and Effects of Stress on College Students1400 Words   |  6 Pagescauses and effects of stress on college students is compiled at the request of The President of Strayer University. The purpose of presenting this research paper to senior administration is to help students have a more constructive college experience. Students starting their college careers consist of major adjustments to the daily routine; sleep patterns and eating habits, time-management skills, and stress levels are different in one way or another. The American Institute of Stress, compiledRead MoreDoes Lower Grade Point Average Equate to Poor Health? Essay639 Words   |  3 Pageshypothesized that poor health behaviors would be greater amongst those with low grade point averages. The predictors of the correlation study were: exercise, eating, sleep habits, mood states, perceived stress, time management, so cial support, spiritual habits, number of hours worked per week, gender and age. The outcome variable was the students’ grade point averages. The goal of the study was to see which health behavior affected grade point averages the most. The participants were 200 freshmenRead MoreStress For College Students1463 Words   |  6 Pagesa quote that quite a few college students are familiar with and have probably said themselves. College can be a fun but also stressful time for students. They are focused on making sure they attend class and get passing grades so they can be successful and hopefully succeed in the next chapter of their life. Researchers at Columbia University and the University of San Diego conducted a study conducted a study to determine how stress negatively affects academic performance and enrollment. They wereRead MoreShould College Students Go Trough?1498 Words   |  6 PagesFreshman Fifth-teen is a growing issue that many college students go trough. These pounds might seem like harmless weight but research supporting that the weight gained and bad eating habits learned in the first year off college can have negative effects on your life forever.Although it may seem like harmless pounds the freshm an fifteen is an on going problems that more than half of the college students experience and suffer from as they grow out of their college career. the first research study PreventingRead MoreThe Study of College Students and Their Sleep Habits Essay1553 Words   |  7 Pagesearly hour of eight thirty in the morning. Tyler, a college freshman, wakes up from his night of sleep. He calculates the hours that he slept and as usual the hours add up to be about five all together. Throughout the course of a week, Tyler averages about thirty-five hours of sleep. Tyler is involved in many activities on campus such as Freshman class council, football, intermurals, and works an average of twenty hours a week. Like most college students, he takes an average 15 hours of course work. DuringRead MoreDetermining Causes And Effects Major Cause And Effects Of Stress On College Students797 Words   |  4 Pages Assignment #3.1: Determining Causes and Effects Major cause and effects of stress in college students Vanity Talbert ENG 115- English Composition Olivia Clark August .17, 2015 Dealing and living with stress has become almost a way of life of many people today, as they combine busy lives with the high demands of work or study while trying to make time for family and friends. Students experience episodic stresses while getting ready for an exam ,Finalizing an important paper ,orRead MoreHow Can A College Student Not Be Stressed?1250 Words   |  5 PagesMiChaela Sosnicki Shively ENG 101 1 December 2015 Title How can a college student not be stressed? College students who balance going to school and working have a high chance of being unsuccessful due to stress, lack of sleep, and financial issues. The responsibilities of taking college courses is a big weight on its own, but taking on a job, doing homework, and balancing personal life on top of that can really push a student to their limits. The key to staying successful through all these responsibilitiesRead MoreEffects of Eating Habits2768 Words   |  12 PagesThe problem and its BACKGROUND Introduction â€Å"Lifestyles have changed considerably over the years. With the hurried lifestyles of today’s families, quick and nutritional meals have become typical, and adolescents are adopting these unhealthy eating habits. Consequently, these adolescents pose greater risk to all aspects of development, including cognitive development. Due to the demands of the rush-day-to-day living of individuals, it is now but natural for them to prefer foods offered by fast-foodRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress On High School Students1277 Words   |  6 PagesCauses and Effects of Stress on High School Students According to Patino (Hoffman 1) stress is one of those things that all people at some time in their life will experience. Many events can cause stress in high school teenagers. Relationships with family and friends, psychological and physical factors, schoolwork and tests, search for job just to name a few. High school students experience stress because their bodies are undergoing Physical and psychological changes they experience in their adolescentRead MoreThe Effects Of Depression And The Stress On Adolescents1524 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Stress on adolescents that is caused by school created pressures is a very controversial topic in today’s society. They are required to have so much of their life figured out and achieve academic excellence or else they will be ruining their adult lives that they have not had much time to even think about. Such crucial responsibilities being given to them can cause the pressure to have both mental and physical effects on the adolescents. A lot more adolescents are feeling this stress than what

Credit Cards Free Essays

PUBLIC SPEAKING Topic: The using credit card General purpose: To Persuade. Specific purpose: To persuade my audience about the using credit card Central idea : To persuade my audience about the benefits The benefits of using credit card Introduction: American Express, MasterCard and Visa Card are the more popular credit cards in Malaysia. With a credit card in hand, you can make purchases today and pay later, Body: 1) It makes shopping easy – Confidently walk into a shop and buy without having to first look into your wallet 2) Without having to carry loads of cash credit cards provide you the ease of dining at a restaurant without worrying whether you have the money in your wallet to pay for the food 3) All petrol stations nationwide accept credit cards – Making it easy for motorists to stop and fill up their tanks without worrying about having enough cash. We will write a custom essay sample on Credit Cards or any similar topic only for you Order Now 4) Taking a vacation out of town or even overseas can be easily and quickly. – Bookings and payments for travel and accommodation can be made via the phone or fax by just quoting your credit card number. Conclusion: Using credit cards also contributes toward the economy as a whole. At the same time, as long as consumer spending takes place, the government is also able to collect revenue in the form of taxes. Therefore, there is no doubt whatsoever that using credit cards has many advantages. BIBLIOGRAPHY American Express, MasterCard and Visa Card are the more popular credit cards in Malaysia. Many Malaysians today carry at least one such card especially since eligibility for such a credit card is a salary as low as RM20 000 per annum. With a credit card in hand, you can make purchases today and pay later, either in full or partially. This is only one of the many advantages and benefits of using a credit card. One of the greatest benefits of using a credit card is the fact that it makes shopping easy. Whether it is a pre-planned shopping trip or a ‘on the spur of the moment’ decision to purchases an item that has caught your attention, you can confidently walk into a shop and buy without having to first look into your wallet to check if you have enough cash. You also do not have to walk to the automated teller machine to make a withdrawal to pay for your purchase. Besides the convenience of shopping without having to carry loads of cash, credit cards provide you the ease of dining at a restaurant without worrying whether you have the money in your wallet to pay for the food. Can you imagine, you do not even have to scrutinize the price of the dish on the menu and at the same time try to call to mind how much cash you have at hand. All you have to do is just order, eat and sign the receipt. You will be billed later. Today, almost all petrol stations nationwide accept credit cards, thus making it easy for motorists to stop and fill up their tanks without worrying about having enough cash. This not only gives motorist peace of mind when leaving home or driving long distance, but it also gives them a sense of security that they will not lose too much cash in the event of a robbery. Taking a vacation out of town or even overseas can be easily and quickly finalized as long as you have a credit card. All the necessary bookings and payments for travel and accommodation can be made via the phone or fax by just quoting your credit card number. So you can enjoy your vacation without having to worry about to carry so much cash on you. Besides that, using credit cards also contributes toward the economy as a whole. As long as people make purchases as often as they can afford it, there will be a healthy cash flow, constantly generating income for everyone in the retail, food and hospitality sectors. At the same time, as long as consumer spending takes place, the government is also able to collect revenue in the form of taxes. Therefore, there is no doubt whatsoever that using credit cards has many advantages. How to cite Credit Cards, Papers

Taxation Law and Practice Policy

Question: Discuss about the Taxation Law and Practice Policy. Answer: Introduction: The taxpayer was engaged in the business of providing dancing lessons in lieu of fees paid in advance. The advance fees paid by the students were placed under suspense account by the taxpayer. The taxpayer described this suspense account as Unearned deposit- untaught lessons account. The taxpayer followed the practice of transferring the advance fees received from advance account to revenue account after providing the dance classes to the students. There was an agreement between the taxpayer and the students that advance fees paid to the taxpayer will not be refunded. In practice, the taxpayer refunded the advance fees received from the students if not all the classes are provided to the students (Long et al., 2016). The taxpayer did not treat the prepaid tuition fees received from the student as income derived. The fees were only included in the assessable income when the taxpayer provided the tution. Therefore, while calculating the assessable income only fee of the dancing lessons that has been provided during the income year is included by the taxpayer (Berger, 2016). The commissioner on receipt basis calculated the assessable income of the taxpayer. The fees that were received in advance were included in the assessable income of the taxpayer in the year of receipt and not in the year, the service was actually provided as per section 25(1) of ITA Act 1936. The issue before the court was to determine whether the prepaid fees received should be included in the assessable income of the taxpayer in the year the dancing classes are provided or in the year, the prepaid fees are received (Brown, 2016). The taxpayer derived the income in the year the dancing classes are provided and not in the year the prepaid fees were received was held by the high court in this case. If the fees are received in advance then the general rule is that prepaid fees received should not be considered as income and should not be included in the assessable income for the tax purpose (Tran, 2015). The student and the taxpayer had an agreement that the fees that were prepaid by the student will not be refunded. In general, practice the taxpayer refunded the fees of students that did not complete the lessons. Therefore, there exists a possibility that the prepaid fees will be refunded to the students so it was further held by the court that such receipt of advance fees could not be included in the assessable income of the taxpayer. The income derived during the income year should be included in the assessable income of the taxpayer as per section 6-5 of the income tax assessment act 1997. It is considered as income derived if the amount is received by the taxpayer or any one behalf of the taxpayer as per section 6-5(4) of ITA Act 1997. There are two methods of recognizing income for the purpose of tax this are earnings method and receipts method. The method that appropriately reflects the income of the taxpayer in the income year should be chose for determining income for tax purpose. The Para 19 of the Taxation Rule 98/1 states that as per general rule the receipt method is considered appropriate for the purpose of determining income derived from non business income, income derived from employment and income derived from investment (Dunne et al., 2014). In case of earning method, the general rule is that this method is considered appropriate if the income is derived from the business of trading and manufacturi ng as per Para 20 of the Taxation Ruling 98/1. In most cases for the purpose of tax, the earning method is considered as the most appropriate method for determining income. In this case, the RIP Pty Ltd is engaged in the business of providing services related to funerals. The company during the income year 30 June 2016 made a profit of $2.45 million. The main revenue of the company was generated from providing funeral and other ancillary services. The company collected the fees from the customers under different options this are given below: Fees are received from customer by issuing an invoice of net 30 days. Fees are received from external insurance companies by issuing a net 30 days invoice. Fees are also received from financing company RIP Finance ltd that under installment payment plan provides credit to the customers. Fees are also received from the contribution made by the customers under easy future plan. As per the general rule, the earning method mostly appropriately reflects the business income derived during the year. The income should be immediately recognized by RIP because the company derives income as soon as service is provided. The company raises a 30 days invoice after providing the services according to the established procedures (Saad Udin, 2016). The company should not wait until it receive its payment for recognizing income because as per earning method the income is derived as the service that is required to be provided has been provided. Therefore, the company should recognize revenue after the service is provided and the invoice is raised. The company runs a scheme of easy future plan and under that scheme company receives fees in advance installments and agrees to provide the funeral service at a later date in future. This fees that are received from the customers in advance are non refundable. In case a customer fails to complete all the installment payment that are require under the plan then the fees are forfeited by the company. These forfeited fees are transferred to forfeited payment account. The company does not have any liability of providing service to those members for whose fees has been forfeited so this forfeited amounts should be immediately recognized as revenue. Based on the above analysis it can be concluded that income is derived as the funeral services is provided by the RIP Pty Ltd. The high court in the case of Arthur Murray stated that in the year the service is provided the taxpayer derive income in that same year. The general rule is that the advance fees received is recognized as income in the year the service is actually provided. The RIP Pty Ltd in easy future plan agrees to provide funeral service in future and receives advance fees in installments. The advance fees received by the company under the scheme are treated as income in the year the advance is received. The circumstances of this case and that of the case of Arthur Murray is almost similar so the principles of accounting treatment established under that case is applicable for the treatment of advance fees received under the easy future plan (Dunne et al., 2015). On the basis of the principle established in the case of Arthur Murray the advance fees received under the easy future plan should not be included as income in the year the advance is received but it should be recognized in revenue in t he year the funeral service are actually provided. The ordinary incomes as per section 6-5 of the ITA Act 1997 can be accounted under two methods for the purpose of tax as per Taxation Ruling 98/1. The two methods of earnings as mentioned in Taxation ruling 98/1 are earning method and receipt method. If the income is derived in the year, the actual or constructive income is received then this method of recognizing revenue is known as receipt method. The receipt method is also commonly known as cash received basis or cash basis. It is also provided in section 6-5(4) of the ITA Act 1997 that it will be considered as income derived although it is not received by the taxpayer but someone self on behalf of the taxpayer (Bray, 2014). There is another method for determining income for the purpose of tax that is earning method which is also known as cash and credit method or accrual method. Under this method, it is considered as income derived when the income is earned and a debt that is recoverable under the law is created. After the task t hat is required to be performed under the agreement is performed then the taxpayer can legally demand the amount this is known as recoverable debt. The discussion above highlights that the taxpayer and the commissioner has two methods of accounting for the purpose of tax this are earning method and receipt method. The method that appropriately reflects the income derived during the year should be chosen for determining income for the purpose of tax. The RIP Pty Ltd under easy future plan receives fees in advance installments from the customers. The company usually forfeits the fees received if the customer fails to pay all the required installments. The fees that are forfeited are transferred to a separate account called forfeited payment account. The company is no liable to provide the funeral services under easy future plan because the customer has failed to pay all the installments that are required to be paid under this plan (Dunne et al., 2016). The current scenario of the given case is that the company has no liability to provide services and the fees that are forfeited are non-refundable so it is advised to the company that the forfeited account balance should be recognized as income. Therefore the balance of $16200.00 should be treated as income. As stated in the section 70-10 in the ITA Act 1997, the trading stock is considered as any form of commodity which has been considered for the purpose of sale, exchange or manufacture purpose in the ordinary line of the business. For the understanding of the nature of the stock and defining, the important concerns in the ordinary course of the business. It is essential, for a business to consider the different types of the trading stock, items that has to be included in the financial, agreement or the assets related to capital gain tax, as per the section 70-25 stated in the ITA Act 1997. It had been stated that the amount incurred should not be inform of capita, in nature. In the given case it has been shown that RIP has bought caskets and accessories, which was used by the company in form of the ordinary proceedings of the business proceeding of the company. Hence, it has to be treated as a trading stock, item of the company (Saad Udin, 2016). According to Chi et al., (2013), it had been further stated that the amount incurred for the purchase of the stock related to the trading falls under the category of the deductible overheads as per the rulings made in the section 8-1 of the ITA Act 1997 (Maffini, 2013). The rulings of the section 70-15 of the income tax act 1997 the amount incurred for the purchase of the trading stock needs to be deducted from the general, overhead category and it has to be observed that the trading stock is to be treated as the stock in hand. In the aforementioned case study, RIP is observed to make payment as the advance amount in the month of June 2016 for the stock, which are to be delivered in the August 2016, which is to be included in the next year. As per the section 8- 1 of the ITA Act 1997, it has been clearly stated that the taxpayer can apply for the general deduction for the different types of the outgoing income which has been incurred as a part of carrying out the necessary uses activ ities. It has been further observed the various types of the prepayment made by the company in form of the investment made in the trading stock which needs to be treated as an advance and not as expenses. Hence it can be said that the total amount of the $25000.00 need to be treated as an advance in the income tax statement prepared for the year ended 30th June 2016 (Sadler, 2014). As per the section 6-5 of the Income Tax Act 197, it has been stated that the assessable, income is considered as that form of income from the resident, which needs to be included as a part of the ordinary income of the taxpayer (Dai, Shackelford Zhang, 2013). Moreover, the dividend amount needs to be considered as taxable, in the hands if RIP. In the general the dividend are considered as fully franked dividend hence the company is entitled to receive the franking credit. As per the section 100-25 of the ITA Act 1997 is considered in providing a general definition of the credit amount and the payment made of the rental space is not considered as a part of the capital asset. Hence, it needs to be considered the rent paid for making the advance payment needs to be considered done on the basis general expense Act under section 8 of the ITAA Act 1997 (Johnson Poterba, 2016). In the section, 83-80 of this act has been further provided that the unused long service leave needs to be incl uded as a part of the assessable income of the taxpayer of a company. In the aforementioned case it can be seen that the company is directly involved in providing a three months advance payment for the long service leave and it needs to deduct this from the expenses incurred on June 30 2016, furthermore this should not be treated as an advance. As due to this, the expense of the company will keep on increasing for the assessment of taxation purpose (Sawyers et al., 2016). As per the ruling of the section 8(1) of the ITA 1997, the taxpayer enjoys the greater amount of autonomy of the purpose of the general deductions, which needs to be made in the production of assessable income of the company (Binning Young, 2015). As per the section, 100-25 the CGT assets are that asset, which needs to be included as a part of land and building. These are further not included in expenses paid in terms of the land and building which is not allowable in the general deduction but needs to be included in the capital expenditure (Haesner Schanz, 2013). The various types of the expenses incurred needs to be considered for the purpose of the expenses incurred in the equipments and construction in the insisted parking for the landscaping and needs to be included in the capital expenditure of the company and from the general deduction under the sections 8-1 of the act (Yagan, 2015). Reference Berger, L. L. (2016).Bitcoin exchange transactions: income tax implications to consider within the South African environment(Doctoral dissertation). Binning, C., Young, M. (2015). TALKING to the TAXMAN ABOUT NATURE CONSERVATION_Proposals for the introduction of tax incentives for the protection of high conservation value native vegetation. Bray, J. R. (2014). 18. Changes in Inequality in Australia and the Redistributional Impacts of Taxes and Government Benefits.Measuring and promoting wellbeing: how important is, 423. Brown, K. E. (2016). Related party LRBAs and PCG 2016/5: Recommendations for trustees for smooth sailing.Taxation in Australia,50(11), 670. Chi, S. S., Pincus, M., Teoh, S. H. (2013). Mispricing of book-tax differences and the trading behavior of short sellers and insiders. The Accounting Review, 89(2), 511-543. Dai, Z., Shackelford, D. A., Zhang, H. H. (2013). Capital gains taxes and stock return volatility. The Journal of the American Taxation Association, 35(2), 1-31. Dunne, J., Mason, J., Patto, J. (2014). 2013 cases show high ATO success rate.Taxation in Australia,48(8), 429. Dunne, J., Taylor, H., Batten, N., Krapivensky, N. (2016). 2015 case review: High ATO success rate continues.Taxation in Australia,50(10), 609. Haesner, C., Schanz, D. (2013). Payout Policy Tax Clienteles, Exà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ dividend Day Stock Prices and Trading Behavior in Germany: The Case of the 2001 Tax Reform. Journal of Business Finance Accounting, 40(3-4), 527-563. Johnson, W. T., Poterba, J. M. (2016). The effect of taxes on shareholder inflows around mutual fund distribution dates. Research in Economics, 70(1), 7-19. Long, B., Campbell, J., Kelshaw, C. (2016). The justice lens on taxation policy in Australia.St Mark's Review, (235), 94. Maffini, G. (2013). Corporate tax policy under the Labour government, 19972010. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 29(1), 142-164. Saad, N., Udin, N. M. (2016). Public Rulings as Explanatory Materials to the Income Tax Act 1967: Readability Assessment.Advanced Science Letters,22(5-6), 1448-1451. Saad, N., Udin, N. M. (2016). Public Rulings as Explanatory Materials to the Income Tax Act 1967: Readability Assessment. Advanced Science Letters, 22(5-6), 1448-1451. Sadler, J. E. (2014). Cadastral surveying 3. Sawyers, R. B., Baumer, D. L., Chumney, W. M. (2016). Insider Trading and IRC Section 6103 (e)(1)(D)(iii). Journal of Legal Tax Research. Tran, A. (2015, May). Can taxable income be estimated from financial reports of listed companies in Australia?. InAustralian Tax Forum(Vol. 30). Yagan, D. (2015). Capital tax reform and the real economy: The effects of the 2003 dividend tax cut. The American Economic Review, 105(12), 3531-3563.

Irac Rules free essay sample

Method for organizing legal analysis so that the reader can follow your argument †¢ Especially helpful in writing exams (IRAC) and legal memos (CRAC). How to do it? As an example, we will look at whether someone can sue for battery as a result of inhaling second-hand smoke. The issue we will look at is whether there is contact, which is required for a battery claim. Issue †¢ First state the question or problem that you are trying to answer (what might bring the parties into court). This can be in the form of a question or a statement depending on what your reader prefers. Examples: o â€Å"There is an issue as to whether contact occurred when the plaintiff inhaled the second-hand smoke. † o â€Å"Does contact occur when one inhales second-hand smoke created by another? † †¢ However, in legal memos, one may state the conclusion up front (in case the reader is too busy to read through the entire analysis. We will write a custom essay sample on Irac Rules or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some professors also prefer that you state the conclusion up front. Rule †¢ State the rule or legal principle. This may take the form of stating the elements required for a prima facie case. o â€Å"The prima facie case for battery requires the following elements: an act, intent, contact, causation, and harm. † †¢ Some professors do not want you to explicitly state the rule (i. e. , â€Å"The rule is†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Rather, they prefer that you imply it in your answer. In other words, cut to the chase by focusing your rule statement on the part of the rule or element that is at issue. o â€Å"The offense of battery requires contact with the plaintiff’s person. † Analysis This is where you state your evidence and explain how you will arrive at your conclusion. You may cite other cases, discuss policy implications, and discuss (discount? ) cases that run counter to your conclusion. †¢ Make sure that you weigh both sides and make counterarguments where appropriate. †¢ Use case law, analogizing and distinguishing, and policy (for example, the goals of tort law ) to work your way to a conclusion. o â€Å"In Howe v. Ahn, the court held that noxious bus fumes inhaled by a passerby constitute harmful and offensive contact. Although the court has not extended this holding to a case involving second-hand smoke, numerous cases have likened second-hand smoke to air pollution (for example, Fox v. Abernathy). Policy considerations also favor finding contact in the present case. If one can prove harm as a result of inhaling second-hand smoke, it is better for the smoker to compensate the victim than burden the state. † Conclusion o â€Å"The court is likely to find that harmful contact occurs when a smoker releases second-hand smoke into the air and that air is inhaled by a bystander. † Exercise: Amanda has a long history of narcolepsy. She has tried all sorts of remedies from caffeine pills to doing jumping jacks every ten minutes to stay alert. After falling asleep during a law school final, she decided to see a doctor for some professional advice. The doctor prescribed â€Å"Stay Awake† medicine. The medicine seemed to work well and Amanda didn’t have any more embarrassing ‘naps’ in class. Two months later, Amanda was riding her scooter home when she fell asleep behind the handlebars. She then crashed into Felix. Felix decides to sue Amanda for negligence. What result?

buy custom Muscle Stimulation essay

buy custom Muscle Stimulation essay Muscles are contractile tissues that aid in the movement of the body. They have the ability to provide the necessary motion for the body. They also give the stamina that is required for the internal organs of the body. Muscles enable the body to have sufficient energy for various activities. The body muscles keep the body upright. Nervous system acts as the main controller of the muscles. Purpose of Study There are three main types of the muscles in the body. These are: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles. These muscles are classified according to their functions and locations. They also appear in different shapes and sizes. For instance: spindle-shaped, flat shaped and circular. This paper seeks to explore different types of muscles, their composition as well as structure. Skeletal muscles are responsible for the support of skeleton. Body builder often do exercises so as to strengthen their skeletal muscles. In other words, skeletal muscles help in the motion of the body. Skeletal muscles constitute fifty percent of the body mass. Skeletal muscles join different skeletons by the help of tendons. These muscles are voluntary and consciously controlled. Usually, when a person decides to make any movement like running or jumping, this information is sent to the nervous system by the brain which then commissions the muscle to act accordingly. If it contracts, then a movement is made in the area that receives the information from the nervous system. The muscles have diverse sizes and shapes. This enables them to do different functions in the body. Some of the skeletal muscles include biceps that are used to bend arms, rectus abdominis found at the stomach, and frontalis located at the forehead. They are located at different parts of the body depending on the degree of their work. Skeletal muscles are made of long cylindrical cells known as fibers. The fibers contain myosin and actin proteins. These fibers are packed in bundles by a skin known as perimysium. They are the most developed muscles of all the three types. The fibers are greatly interconnected in all directions. These muscles require oxygen to normally function. They cosume a lot of energy. This energy is normally made by the adenosine triphosphate (ATP). When work load drastically increases in an individual, the amount of oxygen in the blood decreases. This is due to the increased consumption of oxygen. This may cause fatigue and muscle cramps in any individual. Over exercising is also harmful as it leads to accumulation of harmful chemical like lactic acid. These may make the muscles very painful. Cardiac muscles are another type. These are found in the heart. They are involuntary in there nature. Their activities are not controlled by the brain. They determine when and when not to act. Cardiac muscles are very important in any body. They are the thick muscles at the heart that pump blood to the whole body. When they contract, they pump oxygenated blood to all parts of the body. When they relax, they allow deoxygenated blood back into the heart. The heart is able to systemically beat throughout by the help of these muscles. They contract similarly as the skeletal muscles. They have a regular arrangement as skeletal muscles but are less developed than the former. Their regular fibers are connected at the branches unlike the skeletal muscles which are regular and parallel. When stimulated, the striated muscles contracts and relaxes in short and intense bursts. Smooth muscles are found in the stomach, bladder and also in the digestive system. These are also involuntary in nature. When one eats, their contraction and relaxation help the food move into the stomach for digestion. After digestion, they also allow the nutrients to move to different parts of the body. These muscles are also able to push food out of the esophagus from the stomach. This normally occurs when one is sick. This clearly shows the importance of these muscles as without them, ingesting food would be difficult. Moreover, what help us hold urine until we reach the toilet are these muscles. Without them, urine could be passing out without control. Most importantly, the noble task of these muscles is seen during the process of giving birth. They help the expectant mothers push out the babies. When an object tries to enter your eyes, it automatically closes thanks to the smooth muscles which are involuntarily at work. These musclees are not as developed as the skeletal muscles. They only bundles of thick and thin filaments. When they contract, the shortening takes place in all directions. At this time, the thin filaments slide past thick filaments. The intermediate filaments help in drawing them together. The contractions are controlled by calcium ions and are longer and sustained than all other muscles. In conclusion, the importance of the muscles can never be over emphasized. They control almost all the activities of the body. They respond accordingly as per the stimulus. This has enabled the efficiency of their work. It should be taken into consideration that these muscles require energy. Therefore, proper feeding of the body with foods that provide calories is very essential. They use the oxygen from the blood to breakdown glucose into energy. This the energy used to respond to different stimulations. Over straining the muscles are also not advisable. This expends all the glucose thereby depriving the muscles the required energy for action. This is a major problem for the skeletal muscles that use much energy.This table shows an experiment on the threshold stimulus when different workloads are applied on different skeletal muscles. The results show different outcomes for each the muscles. Every muscle exhibits a different figure. This shows that as the workload increases on the s keletal muscles, the threshold stimulus also increases at different rates. In this case volts stand for the threshold of stimulation. An increase in workload increases the skeletal stimulation. But there is a limit that the skeletal muscle can withstand. At the maximum load of 80 grams, lower forelimb and calf muscles are indicated NONE. This shows an overload to these muscles. They cannot withstand these loads. The stimulation does not produce any effect. Thigh muscles are the strongest here as they can be stimulated by a higher load. The breakdown of ATP produces the necessary energy for muscle to act. Example of attenuation of Vo2/W above the ventilatory threshold (VT) in one subject after the six week electrical stimulation (ES) programme. Vo2/W is the slope of the relation between oxygen uptake (Vo2) and power output. Buy custom Muscle Stimulation essay

Efficient Market Hypothesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Efficient Market Hypothesis - Essay Example While academics point to a large body of evidence in support of EMH, an equal amount of disagreement also exists. For example, investors such as Warren Buffett have consistently beaten the market over long periods of time, which by definition is impossibility according to the EMH. Critics of the EMH also point to events such as the 1987 stock market crash (when the DJIA fell by over 20% in a single day) as evidence that stock prices can seriously deviate from their fair values. (Investopedia, 2006, para.2) Wikipedia defines the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) similar way. An assertion exists that financial markets are "efficient", or that prices on traded assets, e.g. stocks, bonds, or property, already reflect all known information and therefore are accurate in the sense that they reflect the collective beliefs of all investors about future prospects. The Efficient Market Hypothesis implies that it is not possible to consistently outperform the market - appropriately adjusted for risk - by using any information that the market already knows, except through luck or obtaining and trading on inside information. It further suggests that the future flow of news (that which will determine future stock prices) is random and unknowable in the present. The EMH is the central part of Efficient Market Theory (EMT). (Wikipedia: Efficient market hypothesis, 2006, para.1)Efficient Market Theory is a field of economics, which seeks to explain the workings of capital markets such as the stock market.... The EMH is the central part of Efficient Market Theory (EMT). (Wikipedia: Efficient market hypothesis, 2006, para.1) Efficient Market Theory is a field of economics, which seeks to explain the workings of capital markets such as the stock market. According to University of Chicago economist Eugene Fama, the price of a stock reflects a balanced rational assessment of its true underlying value (i.e., rational expectations); its price will have fully and accurately discounted (taken account of) all available information or news. The theory assumes several things including perfect information, instantaneous receipt of news, and a marketplace with many small participants (rather than one or more large ones with the power to influence prices). The theory also assumes that news arises randomly in the future (otherwise the non-randomness would be analyzed, forecast and incorporated within prices already). The theory predicts that the movements of stock prices will approximate stochastic processes, and that technical analysis and statistical forecasting will most likely be fruitless. (Wikipedia: Efficient market theory, 2006, para.1-2) It is a common misconception that EMH requires that investors behave rationally. This is not in fact the case. EMH allows that when faced with new information, some investors may overreact and some may under react. All that is required by the EMH is that investors' reactions be random enough that the net effect on market prices cannot be reliably exploited to make an abnormal profit. Under EMH, the market may, in fact, behave irrationally for a long period of time. Crashes, bubbles and depressions are all consistent with efficient market

What do you think Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What do you think - Essay Example In the United States, political correctness in linguistics is founded on the intention to promote equality for everyone. However this intention has been lost, as I will detail in the following arguments: Our societys over-abidance with political correctness seems to hamper, even reverse the social progress that we have achieved. Our uptightness causes tensions within communities where there need not be any. To encourage politically correct language is to encourage censorship. Trying to hide the truth under the guise of politeness prevents people from getting personal for fear of offending others’ sensibilities. Therefore it does more harm than good. If one chooses to do something that dos more harm than good, it is considered unreasonable or unintelligent. Therefore politically correct language is unreasonable and unintelligent. Politically correct language emphasizes discrimination, rather than lessens it. In some cases it could even become a case of self-fulfilling prophecy, where an otherwise harmless expression, when deemed â€Å"offensive† by the powers that be becomes offensive simply because they say it’s politically incorrect. For example, the children’s rhyme â€Å"eenie meenie miney moe†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is considered politically incorrect because it was at one time and in some areas in the United States associated with racist sentiments (â€Å"catch a nigger by his toe†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Political correctness supposedly promotes equality for everyone, but in this case, it promotes the discriminative element, rather than just let the phrase lose the â€Å"offensive† meaning. If it does not fulfill the goals that it intends to achieve, it does not make sense to follow it. Therefore politically correct language is pointless. People who try so hard to say the right thing in the name of political correctness they end up just looking foolish. For example, not using the term African-American for black people

Personal Perceptions of American Revolution Essay

Personal Perceptions of American Revolution - Essay Example Going further back in history, I am now able to view the European colonization of the Western Hemisphere as inclusive of invasion, conquest, and genocide. I now look back with embarrassment about constitutional settlements that protected trade in slaves, committed government to helping slave catchers, and gave extra votes in Congress to slave owners. The moral perceptions  that underpin those reappraisals oblige us to go further. In other words, it made me realize that there is good reason to question whether the American Revolution --the British colonies' fight for freedom from the Crown--was morally justifiable. At the beginning of the course I thought of the revolution in transatlantic terms, springing forth as a result of colonial domination. The initial perception was that the colonists were taxed without due representation in Parliament, their endeavor to gain autonomy promptly suppressed by the Crown, their reluctance to act subservient to unresponsive masters leading, justi fiably, to the sweeping revolution. It is not that these initial conceptions were disproved during the course, but some of them were rectified. There is some veracity to the standard version of the War of Independence, for the colonists had genuine grievances against the British Monarchy. But, as I learned during the course, this version either colors or ignores certain obvious facts. Take say the plight of oppressed groups long inhabiting the vast North American landscape. Their voice was totally unrepresented in the discourse related to the revolution. According to the doctrinaire version of the revolution, the colonists were regarded as the primary victims of injustice. This is blatantly false, because the principal victims were the colored people, including Native Americans, whose generosity and hospitality were grossly abused by the European settlers. Contrary to the belief that European Americans have been all too willing to accept, European emigres came to inhabited territory in North America. Native Americans were populous and many dwelt in stable and structured communities. They had cleared land on the eastern seaboard and cultivated vast terrains. Their nations had established territories which were vital to the hunting component of their economies. These facts were evident to European settlers---especially to those who escaped starvation by accepting as gifts the fruits of Native American agriculture. Yet, distilled history of colonization largely neglects this aspect of early settlements. I also learnt during the course that African Americans are another community that bore the brunt of injustice - as they came to the continent tied in chains and were forced to slog as slaves. In this backdrop, the European frontiersman’s basic grievance was that he was restricted in robbing the already wretched natives and black slaves. Their cry for freedom and liberty was nothing more than a clamor for more control over the disadvantaged slaves and native s. This state of institutionalized injustice was accentuated further during the years of the revolution, diminishing the aura surrounding it even more. In other words, the injuries and sufferings associated with the revolution were apportioned unequally between the colonialists and other colored groups. These darker facets of the American Revolution were not cognizant to me prior to taking the course. And taking the course has made

Public Perceptions of Health

Public Perceptions of Health INTRODUCTION Studies shows that self-perception is a paramount indication of health outcomes. The degree to which self-perception to health is related with personality trait is, though, largely untold. We aim to study the connection between self-perception, personality and trait among people on Health. Health defines a person that is free from pain, injury and illness in both mind and body. Based on World Health Organization (1946) Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. THE PUBLIC CONCEPTS OF WHAT HEALTH IS According to the public, health means the ability of a person or communities to cope and manage their own health when physical, mental and social challenges occur. On the other hand, some of the people believe that being healthy has something to do with physical condition of the body, in fact it has to do with the whole condition of an individual both mind and body. Lots of people makes a great effort to live healthy and feel good for doing so. Thus with this kind of concept, man’s health is like an open system that continuously affected or influenced by external and internal factors. Factors such as coming from the environment, social dynamics and physical and mental state of health play a role in man’s ability to cope. Consequently these pose a challenge on putting an effective health management strategies. These are reasons why a multi-disciplinary approach to health care is paramount to public health. The involvement of multiple teams and other helth allied health professionals into public health management caters to the diverse needs and factors affecting the genral health of the public. In most first world countries, multidisciplinary approach to healthcare has been proven to provide best outcome of care and very cost effective. THE PUBLIC CONCEPTS OF WHAT ILLNESS IS Illness is a disease or a period of sickness affecting the body. But this does not only refer to physical health. Social conditions like poverty, inadequate nutrition, inappropriate housing, rising pollution and unhygienic and unsafe play areas for children fall into the first stage of illness. Each of these illnesses has different views from the public in New Zealand. People with illness tend to be less motivated the moment when they know about their illness while people around them only give minimal support. Some people tend to refuse or hide illness to prevent others to know their illness out of shame or embarrassment which makes matters worst. Therefore these concepts of illness compliment on how public view health, as completely the opposite. And public’s behaviour towards illness greatly affect the healthcare delivery system. Fears, anxiety, social stigma and poor understanding or lack of awareness are factors that are hard to overcome by health professionals in getting services to the public and often the cause of poor compliance to treatment. Thus, management or treatment of illness should not only focus on the physical symptoms and organic causes but also on the emotional and social impact of them to the person. Health professionals practicing under a multidisciplinary team recognize the importance of a support system for someone who is sick especially once they are in the community. For example, smokers in the pacific region give less effort to programs that helps to put an end on their smoking habits by substituting cigarettes with Nicotine replacement therapy. This program was tested when 24.6% of the smokers believe that nicotine replacement therapy can cause more harm than smoking itself and strongly believe that smoking can be stopped even without the program. Basically, Nicotine replacement program became ineffective for the pacific people, as a matter of fact, there was a high proportion of people believes on its ineffectiveness and only a relatively low proportion of pacific people especially in South Auckland that made claims for subsidized nicotine replacement therapies. Even though the campaigns and programs are set, more people are still likely to smoke that contributed to the rising air pollution and risking the health others through second hand smoke. In a research conducted by the Counties Manukau study that MÄ ori parents have low to no aw areness of options for stopping the smoking habit. This indicates that these group of smokers should be better aware in order for them to address their mental illness in smoke addiction. The Ministry of Health and World health Organization as well as the health care professional works hand in hand to help people quit from smoking. To encourage the public quit from smoking Policy on health should strictly manage a tobacco-free environment (i.e. workplaces, school etc†¦) and regulate a policy to stop advertising, promoting tobacco products and also to provide more awareness to the public about the negative effect of smoking. THE IMPORTANCE THE PUBLIC PUT ON HEALTH Life threatening diseases, illness and injury may occur in many instances than any of us would expect, but no one ever know when to happen. In public, insurance has a big impact on their health. According to research, around 32 percent of NZ has health insurance. It may not be big part of the population, but considering that public health here is government funded for primary and acute health needs, this number tells us that health really matters for NZ people. People invest for their health to get a better and quicker health service to avoid queuing up for rationed health services shouldered by the government in public health facilities. As compared to getting public health service where services are prioritized according to needs and acuity or urgency, health insurance caters to the individual need of the public without having to to be on a waiting list. PUBLIC ATTITUDES TOWARDS HEALTH AND MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS According to a recent studies conducted by Reader’s Digest NZ, a popular general interest magazine, out of the Top 10 most trusted profession here in NZ 5 of them are from the health and medical field. Nurses, doctors, rescue volunteers, pharmacists and Paramedics that topped the lists, were on the 2013 list. This means a confirmation of the quality of service and the public being happy of it. However trust creates expectation, a bigger expectation to maintan the quality and standard of health services. This is a challenge not just by the profesionals themselves but more so to the top management and government health or regulatory agancies to ensure public safety is always protected. CONCLUSION Self-perception to health is associated with attitude and personality regardless if there were self-reported medical condition or none. It was highly suggested that personal characteristic has a major contribution to the attitude and personality of the individual between self-perceived health and health outcomes. References: http://www.healthfunds.org.nz/pdf/Fact%20File%20oct2010.pdf http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/people_and_communities/pacific_peoples/pacific-progress www.stuff.co.nz http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/GE0508/S00119.htm http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3576258 http://www.shareyouressays.com/113393/short-essay-on-illness http://www.readersdigest.co.nz/most-trusted-professions-2013

Student Achievement Essay -- Education Class Size School Essays

Student Achievement This is a research paper I did to see if class size is related to student achievement. I used two studies to see if class size was related to student achievement. When you read my paper you will gain the knowledge of how controversial this issue is. It shows the actual findings of two studies. My paper shows how younger kids are benefiting from the smaller classes. There is still ongoing research to really decide if smaller really is better. Many parents and teachers desire smaller classes for their children. However, are smaller classes necessarily increasing student achievement? It has been an assumption that if a student is in a small class setting, there are fewer distractions and the learning experience is greater. People feel children have more individualized attention, which may lead young students towards greater academic success. Research has been conducted across the country to see if smaller class size is really better. The number of students in a classroom recently became a controversial issue. There has been research that shows that class size depends on many variables. Some of these variables include the age level of students, subject matter taught, and instructional methods used. â€Å"Recent statistical syntheses of this research reveal that the instructional benefits of smaller classes are most significant for classes numbering under twenty students; in those with twenty five to forty students class size has little overall effect on educational quality† (Ellis, 1984, p.1). The benefits of a smaller class include increased one-on-one learning between the student and the teacher. This also allows the teacher to ascertain a student’s learning ability. If there are fewer stude... ..., Smith, P, Zahorik, J, Halbach, A, Ehrle, K, Hoffman, L, & Cross, B. (2001). 2000-2001 Evaluation results of the student achievement guarantee in education (SAGE) program. Retrieved April 28, 2003 from the World Wide Web at http://www.asu.edu/educ/epsl/SAGE/annual_reports/2000-2001%20Evaluation/epru-0201-104.htm#overview â€Å"Sage Initiative Evaluation†. (February 2002). Sage and direct instruction projects. Retrieved April 28, 2003 from the World Wide Web at http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/CERAI/sage.html. This website was about Project SAGE. It explained exactly what the study intended to do. For example, it planned to: Reduce the student-teacher ratio in their classrooms to 15:1 in grades K-3; Stay open extended hours (creating "lighted schoolhouses"); Develop rigorous academic curriculums; and, Implement plans for staff development and professional accountability.

Green Tea and Weight Loss in Overweight and Obese Adults

Obesity has become a growing health issue which is associated with increased risk of chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis, stroke, sleep apnea, and certain cancers (Auvichayapat et al. , 2008; Maki et al. , 2009; Nagao et al. , 2005). In the United States there are an estimated 72 million overweight or obese adults (as cited in Maki et al. , 2009).Currently, the most effective treatment for obesity is a combination of reducing energy intake and increasing energy expenditure, yet the most popular treatment is pharmacotherapy (Auvichayapat et al. , 2008, Diepvens, Kovacs, Nijs, Vogels, & Westerterp-Plantenga, 2005). Recently, researchers have found antiobesity effects in green tea (Maki et al. , 2009). The objective of this term paper is to depict the claim of green tea and its effectiveness on weight loss in overweight and obese adults. Review of the Literature Overweight and Obese and Weight LossThe basic reasoning of overweig ht and obese individuals is an imbalance between energy consumption and energy expenditure (Diepvens et al. , 2005). To achieve weight loss, a negative energy balance must occur and can be achieved by decreased energy consumption or increased energy expenditure (Auvichayapat et al. , 2008; Diepvens et al. , 2005). Genetics may also be linked to obesity in several ways. Genetics may be associated with susceptibility to fat storing and the controllability of food intake (as cited in Shepherd, 2009).It has been inferred that green tea may reduce body weight and increase satiety which will positively effect body composition (Auvichayapat et al. , 2008; Diepvens et al. , 2005; Maki et al, 2008; Nagao et al. , 2005). Components of Green Tea Green tea contains two major active ingredients which may be contributed to combating obesity: catechin and caffeine (Auvichayapat et al. , 2008; Diepvens et al. , 2005). Research has suggested that green tea catechins block the enzyme catechol O-methy ltransferase, thereby stimulating the sympathetic nervous system (Auvichayapat et al. 2008; Belza et al. , 2009). The stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system may be responsible for increased thermogenesis, fat oxidation and satiety (Auvichayapat et al. , 2008; Belza et al. , 2009). Green tea catechins may also contribute to increased antioxidant, antiviral, antiplaque-forming, anticancer activities, and decreased blood pressure and total cholesterol (as cited in Nagao et al. , 2005). Research has suggested that caffeine may promote thermogenesis and fat oxidation that positively affect body composition (Auvichayapat et al. , 2008; Belza et al. 2009; Diepvens et al. , 2005). Caffeine obstructs the degeneration of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate, leading to increased norepinephrine release (Auvichayapat et al. , 2008). The increased norepinephrine may lead to thermogenesis and may enhance satiety (Auvichayapat et al. , 2008). Effects of Catechin and Caffeine Supplem entation on Overweight and Obese Adults Maki et al. (2009) conducted a study to investigate whether green tea catechin intake increased exercise-induced abdominal adiposity loss in overweight and obese adults in the United States.The researchers supported previous claims of green tea catechins’ positive effect on general weight loss, but further investigation was needed to conclude that green tea catechin consumption has a positive effect on body composition and abdominal adiposity. The study was a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial that took place in two clinical research sites – Bloomington, Indiana and St. Petersburg, Florida. The male and female participants were of good general health and sedentary.The participants were between the ages of 21 and 65, had a waist circumference of 87 centimeters or greater (women) or 90 centimeters or greater (men), and a total cholesterol of 5. 2 mmol/L or greater. Participates agreed to consume no more than two ca ffeinated drinks a day and avoid medication or supplements that contained caffeine or catechin. The eligible participants were randomly assigned a beverage of catechins (625 mg) or a control beverage (0 mg) per day. Both the catechin and control beverage contained the same amount of carbohydrates, sodium, as well as caffeine (39 mg).Since this was a double-blind trial the eligible participants and staff were unaware of the assigned beverages. The eligible participants were asked to maintain caloric consumption, and required to increase their activity level by attending three, one-hour supervised exercise sessions a week for a total of 12 weeks. The Maki et al. (2009) study yielded 107 participates that completed the entire trial and met the set requirements. The average age of the participants was 48 years, about one-half were males (catechin, 49. 2%; control, 55. %), and most participants were of non-Hispanic white ethnicity (91%). Maki et al. (2009) found that the catechin group e xperienced (P = 0. 079) a greater loss of body weight than the control group at week 12. This supports results of other trials (Auvichayapat et al. , 2008; Belza et al. , 2009; Nagao et al. , 2005). The results of the Maki et al. (2009) study showed no difference in percentage changes in fat mass (P = 0. 208) or intra-abdominal fat area (P = 0. 125). However, total abdominal adipose area (P = 0. 013) and abdominal subcutaneous adipose area (P = 0. 19) decreased at week 12 (Maki et al. , 2009). Maki et al. (2009) concluded that catechins (625 mg/day) may have positive effects on exercised-induced loss of abdominal adiposity. Auvichayapat et al. (2008) conducted a randomized, controlled, experimental study to investigate green tea and its effectiveness on weight loss in obese Thais. The study included 60 Thai participates who were between the ages of 40 and 60 and had a body mass index of 25 kg/m2 or greater. Forty-two participates were females and 18 were males.The participants were required to have good health history with no current or prior metabolic or systemic diseases and not currently taking prescribed medication. The participants were randomized into two groups, a green tea group and a placebo group. The participants in the green tea group consumed a 250 mg green tea (100 mg catechin) tablet after breakfast, lunch, and dinner. The participants in the placebo group also received a tablet after breakfast, lunch, and dinner containing cellulose which was identical in appearance to the green tea tablets.The participants’ heights were determined by the use of a wall-mounted ruler and body weight was determined by the use of a digital scale. Body mass index was calculated by body weight (kg) divided by height (m) squared. Body fat percentage was measured by the use of a calibrated skinfold calipers. The sum of the triceps, subscapular, and iliac skinfolds were compared based on sex and age from the Jackson study to determine body fat percentage (as cit ed in Auvichayapat et al. , 2008). Resting energy expenditure was measured by the use of the Douglas bag system by indirect calorimetry (as cited in Auvichayapat et al. 2008). The air expired by the participants were analyzed by a computerized data acquisition system from which resting energy expenditure were calculated with the use of Weir’s formula (Auvichayapat et al. , 2008). Body mass index, body fat percentage, and resting energy expenditure were measured at baseline, and during the fourth, eighth and twelfth weeks of the study. In comparison, the green tea treatment group exhibited a significant difference (P < 0. 05) in weight loss during the eighthand twelfth weeks of the study as compared to the placebo treatment group.Auvichayapat et al. (2008) concluded that green tea can increase energy expenditure and therefore increase weight loss in obese Thais. Nagao et al. (2005) conducted a random, double-blind, controlled, experimental 12-week study to examine the effec ts of catechins on body fat loss. The researchers included 25 healthy Japanese men between the ages of 24 and 46 who ranged from normal to overweight according to body mass index (as cited in Nagao et al. , 2005). The 25 participants were randomly placed into two groups, a catechins group (n = 17) and a placebo group (n = 18).The requirements for the individuals were to consume 90% of the calculated energy intake requirement, to withhold from consuming large amounts of catechins, polyphenols, or caffeine, and to maintain their current level of exercise. Anthropometric measurements and computed tomography were administered by trained physicians at baseline and every four weeks thereafter for the 12-week study. Waist circumference was measured at the umbilical level while the participants were standing in accordance with the Japan Society for the Study of Obesity (Nagao et al. , 2005).The participants’ body fat ercentages were measured by the use of a bioimpedance analyzer and skinfold caliper method. Body fat percentage and lean body mass were derived from the ratio of total body weight to body fat. The skinfold caliper method utilized measurements at the lower end of the scapula and the intermediate region on the lateral side of the arm, and the sum of the two values were recorded. The measurement of fat was calculated by computed tomography. Computed tomography imaging was performed for visceral fat measurement by utilizing FAT SCAN software developed on the method developed by Tokunaga et al. as cited in Nagao et al. , 2005). The use of the FAT SCAN software, subcutaneous fat area and visceral fat area were obtained from abdominal computed tomography image. Subcutaneous fat area and visceral fat area were summed together to obtain the total fat area. The results of the Nagao et al. (2005) study showed that the reduction in waist circumference (P < 0. 01), skinfold measurements (P < 0. 05), and total fat area (P < 0. 05) was significantly grea ter in the catechin group (690 mg) than that of the placebo group.In conclusion, catechins (690 mg/day for 12 weeks) decrease total body fat and may be useful in preventing and combating obesity. Belza et al. (2009) conducted a randomized, double-blind, controlled study consisting of 12 healthy and normal weight male participants (age: 23. 7,  ±2. 6 years). Each participant was instructed to maintain their daily dietary and physical activity habits throughout the study. The treatments being analyzed were in the form of tablets containing 500 mg green tea extract (125 mg catechins), 400 mg tyrosine, 50 mg caffeine, or placebo.Each treatment was separated by a minimum of three days. The main focus of Belza et al. (2009) was to examine the compounds tyrosine, green tea extract, and caffeine, and their individual effects on thermogenesis, appetite sensations, and ad libitum energy intake. A ventilated hood that was tested weekly to ensure reliability was used to assess resting metabol ic rates of each participant. Participants were instructed to fast the evening prior to, as well as refrain from medication, alcohol, and strenuous physical activity 24 hours before respiratory assessments.A baseline respiratory measurement was acquired for each participant during the first 25 minutes of each assessment. The assessment then continued with 30-minute intervals in which respiratory measurements were recorded for a total of four hours. Each respiratory assessment for each individual was executed on the same time of day and on an identical schedule. The participants’ appetite sensations were analyzed using the Visual Analogue Scales which included subjective questions about sensations of hunger, satiety, prospective consumption, and fullness (Belza et al. 2009). Each participant completed the Visual Analogue Scales prior to the respiratory assessment to obtain a baseline measurement, and subsequently throughout the respiratory assessment. Another test each partici pant completed was the ad libitum meal. The participants were instructed to consume the ad libitum meal at a constant pace and to terminate consumption when satiety was reached.The amount of ad libitum meal consumed was used as the assessment of ad libitum energy intake. Belza et al. 2009) found that caffeine produced a thermogenic response of 6% above the baseline assessment as compared to the placebo (P < 0. 0001). No significant difference was found for thermogenic response with the tyrosine and green tea extract treatments as compared to the placebo (Belza et al. , 2009). Belza et al. (2009) stated that too small of a sample size was tested to conclude any appetite suppressant value of the treatments administered, and additional investigation with a large sample size is needed. Diepvens et al. 2005) administered a study to investigate the effects of green tea and a low-calorie diet on resting energy expenditure and body weight in overweight females. The researchers hypothesiz ed that green tea would increase resting energy expenditure and decrease body weight. The study was an experimental, double-blind, parallel-design, placebo-controlled trial including 46 overweight females between the ages of 19 and 57 and a body mass index between 25 and 31 kg/m2. All participates were of good health and moderate caffeine-users (200-400 mg of caffeine a day).Two groups were randomly assigned to each treatment: a green tea treatment (n = 23) and a placebo treatment (n = 23). All 46 participants consumed a low-calorie diet consisting of 60% of estimated energy expenditure and consumed three tablets daily (9:00 a. m. , 1:00 p. m. , 6:00 p. m. ) of either placebo or green tea (75 mg caffeine, 375 mg catechins). Diepvens et al. (2005) utilized an open-circuit, ventilated-hood system to assess energy expenditure, as well as fat and carbohydrate oxidation.Anthropometric measurements were assessed using a digital balance (body weight) and a wall-mounted stadiometer (height) . BMI was calculated by dividing body weight in kilograms by height (m) squared. Diepvens et al. (2005) concluded that there was not a significant difference between the green tea and placebo groups in reducing body weight. Diepvens et al. (2005) contributes the low thermogenic effectiveness of green tea to the low-caloric diet because of the reduction of sympathetic activity caused by the low-caloric diet.The reduced sympathetic activity reduces noradrenalin release which is partially responsible for thermogenesis (as cited in Diepvens et al. , 2005; Auvichayapat et al. , 2008). Summary In summary, the effects of green tea on weight loss may be attributed specifically to the catechins and caffeine, the active components of green tea. The researchers found that a positive correlation occurred between the consumption of green tea and energy expenditure, fat oxidation, total fat area loss and satiety which will contribute to the prevention and reduction of obesity.Although several stu dies found that there was not a significant difference in energy expenditure, fat oxidation, total fat area loss and satiety between the green tea and control groups, there was nevertheless a difference. Perhaps with the long term consumption of green tea, the benefit will be exponentially larger. It is beneficial to note that while the consumption of green tea is not a solution by itself, it can be used as part of the process for weight loss and optimizing health for currently overweight or obese adults.References Auvichayapat, P. Prapochanung, M. , Tunkamnerdthai, O. , Sripanidkulchai, B. , Auvichayapat, N. , Thinkhamrop, B. , †¦ Hongprapas, P. (2008). Effectiveness of green tea on weight reduction in obese Thais: A randomized, controlled trial. Physiology & Behavior, 93(3), 486-491. doi:10. 1016/j. physbeh. 2007. 10. 009. Belza, A. , Toubro, S. , & Astrup, A. (2009). The effect of caffeine, green tea and tyrosine on thermogenesis and energy intake. European Journal of Clinic al Nutrition, 63(1), 57-64. doi:10. 1038/sj. ejcn. 1602901. Diepvens, K. , Kovacs, E. M. R. , Nijs, I. M. T. Vogels, N. , & Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S. (2005). Effect of green tea on resting energy expenditure and substrate oxidation during weight loss in overweight females. British Journal of Nutrition, 94(6), 1026-1034. doi:10. 1079/BJN20051580 Maki, K. C. , Reeves, M. S. , Farmer, M. , Yasunaga, K. , Matsuo, N. , Katsuragi, Y. , †¦ Cartwright, Y. (2009). Green Tea Catechin Consumption Enhances Exercise-Induced Abdominal Fat Loss in Overweight and Obese Adults. Journal of Nutrition, 139(2), 264-270. doi:10. 3945/jn. 108. 098293. Nagao, T. , Komine, Y. , Soga, S. Meguro, S. , Hase, T. , Tanaka, Y. , & Tokimitsu, I. (2005). Ingestion of a tea rich in catechins leads to a reduction in body fat and malondialdehyde-modified LDL in men. Am J of Clin Nutr, 81(1), 122-129. Retrieved from http://www. ajcn. org. libaccess. sjlibrary. org/cgi/reprint/81/1/122. pdf Shepherd, A. (2009). O besity: prevalence, causes and clinical consequences. Nursing Standard, 23(52), 51-57. Retrieved from http://web. ebscohost. com. libaccess. sjlibrary. org/ehost/ pdfviewer/pdfviewer? vid=4&hid=8&sid=44d81a55-f6d5-40b7-808f-239f2569d782%40sessionmgr10

Reflective statement for Women At Point Zero Essay

To what extent does the student show how his or her understanding of cultural and contextual elements was developed through the interactive oral ? I think time and place are one of the most important settings in the novel since as we know Cairo have a huge amount of unemployment as women at that time didn’t continou their education so having a secondary school certificate didn’t allow Firadus to find a decent job, after she moved from the village to Cairo which led her to prostitution. On the other some Muslims there misunderstand Islam such that her huspand Sheikh Mahmoud used to go to the mosque for every prayer but in the same time he used to beat her up just because she can eat and he cant or because she lives some food on the plate†¦ Since I come from an Arabic background , it was easy to understand how much she suffered to survive life , but it was a bit difficult to understand her mentality because Firdaus is a Muslim and she became a prostitute which is totally forbidden by Islam , at the same time prostitution is illegal in Egypt but still some police men used to go have sex with her every now and then while their actual job is to put her in prison . A connection that I have found similar to my own culture is that women at the age of 17 or 18 usually get married and stop education and that’s what happened to Firdaus. The most interesting technique used in the novel is flashback since once you start reading the book and you know she has killed a man , you really want to know what happened, why and how she killed a man and why did she spit on the picture of every man in the news paper. What I found also interesting is how she narrated her story with every man she met which led her to loathe the patriarch al society she lives in.

Belaboring Colonialism essays

Belaboring Colonialism essays In the novel Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad, the reader is given a look at Belgiums colonialism, and how grimly corrupt that policy is. Colonialism is a policy in which a nation maintains or extends its control over foreign dependencies. (The American Heritage Dictionary, colonialism) Usually a country like Britain would take over a primitive country such as Africa civilize it and make some sort of trade or stimulate mutual economic growth. However, in Heart of Darkness, colonialism detracts from the civility of Africa and adds a brutal element. Conrad uses this inhumane description of colonization to support other themes in the novel. This technique enhances the most prevalent themes in the novel. The Plot of Heart of Darkness revolves around the trade or removal of ivory from Africa. It becomes more than a trade though; the search for ivory becomes a greedy obsession to all involved. The following quote shows the tainted greed and obsession ivory has brought. The word ivory rang in the air, was whispered, was sighed. You would think they were praying to it. A taint of imbecile rapacity blew through it all, like a whiff from some corpse.(HoD, 44) The way the British wished to rape Africa of its ivory seems to show how disgraceful their system of colonialism was in Conrads eyes. However, his reason for go in into such detail is to strengthen more prevalent themes. One such theme is darkness. Conrad nearly belabors the idea and tone of darkness in this novel. These constant references to the brutality of colonialism simply are the crux of his topic of darkness. Frequently throughout the novel Conrad gives descriptions of the horrible treatment of the Africans. One such passage shows Marlow nonchalantly describing a chain gang, Six black men advancing in a file, toiling up the path. They walked erect and slow, balancing smal ...

Summary of ON PHOTOGRAPHY by Susan Sontag Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Digital Transcription Birmingham Organization Background and Structure Essay

Digital Transcription Birmingham Organization Background and Structure - Essay Example The organization has considered using a website to improve its visibility in the marketplace but is concerned that there is a great deal of competition on the web. The organization also is resource limited  and feels unable to justify making any member of responsible for a website, or paying for a third party to build and maintain the website. DTB has decided to request a feasibility study to determine whether moving all or part of its marketing to the web would be beneficial. It is also interested in how else it could overcome some of its problems by using the web. For instance, if the organization was able to recruit home workers on an as-required basis, this might allow it to take more work in and expand its operation over time. The organization’s current website can be found at http://www.digital-trans-bham.co.uk/. The website has been operative for 2 months but to date has not generated any enquiries. It consists of 3 pages. The home page poorly describes the services on offer, the contact page provides an HTML form for enquirers to obtain more information, and the confidentiality page covers the organization’s security and payment policy. Many have argued that the Internet renders strategy obsolete. In reality, the opposite is true†¦it is more important than ever for companies to distinguish themselves through strategy. The winners will be those that view the internet as a complement to, not a cannibal of, traditional ways of competing. Porter has described the manner in which the internet influences the five forces of competitiveness (see below). The majority of impacts are negative on the long-term profitability of an organization. As Porter explains: The great paradox of the Internet is that its very benefits – making information widely available; reducing the difficulty of purchasing, marketing, and distribution; allowing buyers and sellers to find and transact  business with one another more easily – also make it more difficult for companies to capture those benefits as profits.